Many cineastes are aware of Roberto Rossellini’s famous work called Stromboli. But how many are aware of its complete title Stromboli, terra di Dio, which translates as Stromboli, land of God? The full title is essential to grasp what Rossellini as its director and its original story writer wanted to state through the film he conceived and made for us to enjoy and appreciate.
The bulk of the critical analyses of the film considers the
story outside of the film’s narrative—the extramarital affair between Swedish
actress Ingrid Bergman and Rossellini, which led to the birth of three
offspring and a brief self-enforced exile of Ms Bergman from Hollywood. Ms
Bergman, while working in Hollywood, had expressed her desire to work with
Rossellini after viewing his two films prior to Stromboli—Paisan and Rome Open City—by writing this brief
and famous letter to him without having met him.
It is quite conceivable that Rossellini wrote the story of Stromboli, terra di Dio with Ms Bergman in his mind to play the role of a Lithuanian prisoner-of-war who had an affair with a German army officer during World War II. In contrast to Alfred Hitchcock, who made films (three of those with Bergman in the lead roles) with detailed scripts and precise words to be learnt by rote and spoken by the actors, Rossellini merely wrote a story sketch and developed the spoken lines as he went along, just as Terrence Malick made films many decades later. The volcano on the island of Stromboli was not expected to erupt during the filming and the entire volcanic activity captured in the film is real and not faked or recreated artificially. The denizens of the island knew what to do if and when the volcano erupted and knew the procedure of taking shelter in boats cast out to sea but well within view of the island.
Dear Mr Rossellini,
I saw your films Open City and Paisan, and enjoyed them very much. If you need a Swedish actress who speaks English very well,who has not forgotten her German, who is not very understandable in French, and who in Italian knows only "ti amo," I am ready to come and make a film with you.
Ingrid Bergman
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| Ingrid Bergman as Karin |
It is quite conceivable that Rossellini wrote the story of Stromboli, terra di Dio with Ms Bergman in his mind to play the role of a Lithuanian prisoner-of-war who had an affair with a German army officer during World War II. In contrast to Alfred Hitchcock, who made films (three of those with Bergman in the lead roles) with detailed scripts and precise words to be learnt by rote and spoken by the actors, Rossellini merely wrote a story sketch and developed the spoken lines as he went along, just as Terrence Malick made films many decades later. The volcano on the island of Stromboli was not expected to erupt during the filming and the entire volcanic activity captured in the film is real and not faked or recreated artificially. The denizens of the island knew what to do if and when the volcano erupted and knew the procedure of taking shelter in boats cast out to sea but well within view of the island.
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| The simple, hard-working fisherman Antonio (Mario Vitale), husband of Karin |
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| Antonio falls in love with Karin, a Lithuanian prisoner of war, exchanging few words with barbed wire separating them |
Rossellini wrote the story/script that tossed the lives of
the main characters against a very unpredictable and life threatening natural
calamity. Being an Italian, Rossellini was influenced by the Catholic Church
and evidently he was quite familiar with the Bible and consciously included the
character of a Catholic priest with a significant role within the film’s tale.
Rossellini’s familiarity with the Bible is evident when the
film opens with a quote chosen from the
Bible—The Book of Romans, Chapter 10,
verse 20, which reads “I was found by
those who did not seek me. I was made manifest to those who did not ask for me.
” The passage is attributed to Apostle Paul writing to the Romans in the New
Testament where the “I“ refers to God. Interestingly, the passage itself is a
cross reference to the precise words of the prophet Isaiah stated earlier in
the Old Testament within the Book of
Isaiah Chapter 65, verse 1.
It is immaterial whether director Rossellini and actress
Bergman were staunch believers in God—what matters is that the title of the
film Stromboli, terra di Dio includes
the word “Dio” (God) and the film
begins with an important quotation in the Bible, which incidentally appears
twice in the Bible.
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| Karin is found lacking in modesty by the elder womenfolk of the island |
The biblical start of the film gains importance towards the
end of the film when Ms Bergman’s character Karin in the film utters the final
words of the film “God..my God..help
me, give me the strength.. the
understanding .. and the courage. God,
God, God, merciful God. God, God. God.” Prior
to those words are Karin’s words of epiphany “Oh God! Oh God! What mystery, what beauty!” after the volcano settles down, and the smoke
withdraws to show birds flying against a clear sky.
The last words and the ending of the film are in stark
contrast to the words spoken earlier by Bergman’s Karin to the priest on the
island that God had not been merciful to her and had left her desolate. (“With me, God has never been merciful”
..“These black rocks, this desolation, that...that ‘terror,’ the island drives
me mad, Father!”)
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| Karin finds the population of the island "horrible" |
Karin, as Rossellini etched her character, is able to
comprehend that she has sinned in the past by having an affair with an officer
of the invading Nazi German army (“I was
trapped like all the rest .I..I have sinned but I have paid”) Karin is also
a woman who threw out an image of Virgin Mary that Antonio’s (Mario Vitale) dead
mother had kept in the house while
renovating the meagre dwelling, much to
the chagrin of Antonio, when he realizes what his wife Karin had done. Even if
Karin has no respect for images of Virgin Mary in the house, Karin who calls
the villagers of Stromboli “horrible,” for describing her to be lacking in modesty, self realizes
with magnanimity during the volcanic eruption that she, Karin, is worse than
them.“They don’t know what they are
doing. I am even worse.” Some of the theology in the film can be attributed
to Father Felix Morlion, who was consulted by Rossellini while writing the
script.
Now, if the viewer accepts the theological undercurrent of
the film, it is most amusing that in USA the film was released as an 81 minute version
(in contrast to the restored 107 minute version) bowing to the call of church
groups, women’s organizations and US legislators who wanted the film to be
banned solely because of the publicity of the extra-marital affair of Ms Bergman
with Rossellini and the birth of their illegitimate child rather than the
contents of the film. A Colorado Senator called Ms Bergman “a powerful influence for evil” (Ref. Stromboli film on Wikipedia). The 81-minute US
version that did not have Rossellini’s approval had an ending that implied
Karin was returning to her husband Antonio, which is never assumed in the
restored 107 minute version. (Ironically, Ms Bergman was re-accepted and lauded
by Hollywood years later for her role in Anastasia.)
In contrast to the negative reception of
the film Stromboli, terra di Dio in
USA, the longer Rossellini film version won the Rome Prize for Cinema (the best
Italian film award) in 1950.
Now, if the viewer were to be an atheist, the film can be
appreciated differently. Karin is obviously a woman who is not respectful of
the religious artefacts kept by husband Antonio’s dead mother and throws them
away to renovate and redecorate the house. She is an attractive woman who wants
and enjoys attention from male personalities that she encounters—including a
Catholic priest who tries to help her adjust to her husband but resolutely
rebuffs her advances.
Karin is an opportunist wanting a life more interesting than
what she had in Lithuania (her hope there was the German army officer), more
interesting than Italy (she wanted to emigrate to Argentina), escape the life
of a POW in Italy (she succeeds in marrying an Italian) and after being in
Stromboli for a while, she yearns for a better life by leaving her devout,
simple husband and escaping to the other side of the island. But the protective
woman in Karin emerges briefly in the film when she is upset viewing a trapped rabbit
being killed by a ferret. Visually it is
clear that Karin, after the volcano has stopped erupting, is as concerned about
the child in her womb as she was with the rabbit. She aspires for a better deal
for herself and her unborn child, in another geographical location, even though
she is penniless and without a change of clothes (reminiscent of the final pages of John Bunyan's book The Pilgrim's Progress written in 1678) . What she does or rather what she intends to do
is never clearly stated.
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| Karin escaping her life with husband Antonio and the erupting volcano |
Rossellini leaves the ending open ended for the viewer to
interpret–a treatment rarely accepted in commercial cinema worldwide.
The greatness of this work is the depiction of conflicts of
man and nature without employing special effects or cinematic tricks which flood cinema today. Rossellini’s filming recalls the world of Robert Flaherty and his
classics Man of Aran (1934), shot in
Ireland, and Nanook of the North (1922),
shot in USA. Like Flaherty, Rossellini used the real population of Stromboli, except
those employed for the major roles. Thus, the real tuna fishing sequences can
be termed docu-fiction taking a leaf out of Flaherty.
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| The exhausted Karin falls asleep as the violent eruptions of the volcano subside, the profile of Karin seemingly mimicked by the now quiet volcano, while the moon shines at both |
The effort of Rossellini to craft the final half hour of Stromboli, terra di Dio is commendable
while some detractors will fault the film’s details such as the lack of grime on Ms
Bergman's body. This film is truly one of the best works of neo-realism ranking
alongside Olmi’s The Tree of Wooden
Clogs, made without professional actors decades later.
P.S. Ermanno Olmi’s The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1978),
reviewed earlier on this blog, is a neo-realist classic that won the top honour
at Cannes film festival and one of the author’s top 10 films. Few are aware that the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was so impressed by Rossellini's work that he invited him to come to India and invigorate the state-run Films Division's documentaries. Rossellini accepted the invitation only to fall in love with another married woman, this time a Bengali lady, Sonali Dasgupta, create another controversy, and eventually marry her! The influential journal of film Sight and Sound's Critics Poll lists Stromboli, terra di Dio as one of 250 greatest films of all time.
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